Obesity is a metabolic disease that leads to increased fat storage, has negative effects on health and shortens life expectancy. Those with a body mass index above 30% are defined as obese, and those above 25% are defined as overweight. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced that 2.3 billion adults will be overweight and 700 million will be obese in 2015. In the obesity map of the world published in 2012, obesity in Turkey is shown as 10-15%.
Adipose tissue constitutes 15-18% of body weight in adult men and 20-25% in women. If this rate is over 25% in men and over 30% in women, obesity constitutes. Fat accumulating around the abdomen increases the risk of disease more than fat accumulating in other parts of the body. Because the fat cells here are larger and closer to the internal organs. Therefore, those with a thick waist circumference are metabolically more risky than those with a thick hip circumference.
If the daily energy intake is more than the energy spent, the energy that cannot be spent is stored as fat in the body and causes obesity.
It is associated with diseases such as increased body mass index (BMI), metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, atherosclerosis (atherosclerosis), hypertension, dyslipidemia (blood fat disorder)
Obesity and Type II Diabetes
Type II Diabetes, which is increasing rapidly in developed and developing countries, is 80 percent more common in obese people than in normal weights. It increases more in people and people with excess fat around the abdominal organs. Excess fat deposition in muscle, liver and pancreas tissue impairs the functions of these cells. This condition is called lipotoxicity. This event leads to the development of type 2 diabetes in obesity.
Obesity and hypertension
Insulin resistance in obese people with high body weight and fat ratio causes an excessive increase in insulin in the blood. In this case, the reabsorption of sodium from the kidneys increases. At the same time, this situation, which increases the accumulation of calcium in the cell along with free radicals, further increases the high blood pressure and heart diseases in obese people. A 1 kilogram drop in body weight causes a 1.2-1.6 drop in blood pressure.
Obesity and gallbladder diseases
Obese women aged 20-30 years have 6 times more stone formation in the gallbladder than normal-weight women. One-third of obese white women over the age of 60 develop biliary diseases.
Obesity and skeletal system diseases
In obese people due to excess weight and fat; muscle, waist, hip, knee and joint pains are quite common. In obesity, there is wear and deterioration on the cartilage surfaces of the joints due to excessive load on the joints. Obese people, who also have low energy expenditures, need to increase their physical activities while losing weight in order to protect themselves from skeletal system diseases. More than 80% of patients with osteoarthritis are either overweight or obese. Calcification (osteoarthrosis and osteoarthritis) and heel spurs are common in obese people, especially in the knee, hip joints and waist. Gout is another joint disease that is frequently seen together with obesity and metabolic syndrome and worsens with weight gain. With weight gain and obesity, the rate of joint problems can increase up to 130 times compared to a person of normal weight. The rate of calcification in the joints may increase up to 40 times compared to normal in people who start at a young age and especially in overweight and obese people for a long time. Increasing insulin resistance in obese patients also increases the serum uric acid level and gout occurs.
Obesity and sleep disorders
One of the most common problems of obese people is breathing disorders during sleep. In sleep apnea, which is one of them, the person holds their breath for more than 10 seconds. Sleep apnea causes waking up tired the next day, poor performance, headache and hoarseness.
Obesity and infertility
Obesity can negatively affect fertility. The early emergence of obesity in women leads to menstrual irregularities, chronic ovulation problems and infertility in adulthood. Obesity in women can increase the risk of miscarriage and adversely affect the outcome of pregnancy achieved with assisted reproductive technologies when the body mass index exceeds 30 kg/m2. The main factors mentioned in this association may be insulin excess and insulin resistance. These undesirable effects of obesity are specifically evident in polycystic ovary syndrome. In men, obesity is accompanied by low testosterone levels, and sperm quality deteriorates.
