This disorder can be considered a mild form of conduct disorder. Anger, stubbornness, objection, arguing with adults, refusing to follow the rules, behaving intentionally to disturb others, displaying an accusatory attitude, and frequent tantrums can be seen in children with this disorder.
It can often be accompanied by Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or Conduct Disorder.
Hard and inconsistent discipline practices, frequent change of caregivers, lack of boundaries or neglect are often effective in the emergence of the disorder. The disorder is more common in pre-school boys.
What needs to be done in the treatment include the treatment of other disorders, if any, trainings to increase the skills of parents in raising children, and individual support of the child.
