When and how was 1-metformin discovered?
Metformin, discovered by Emil Werner and James Bell in 1922, has been used for research purposes for 35 years. While it was used by Eusebio Y. Garcia in the Philippines in 1950 for the treatment of influenza, the blood sugar lowering effect of the drug was observed. He has published articles on antimalarial (effective against malaria) and antipyretic (fever reducing) effects. Afterwards, Dr.Jean Sterne in France investigated the sugar-lowering effect in 1957 in his work in the Aron laboratory, and then it started to be used in the treatment of diabetes for the first time. Its name was called Glucophage (Glucose Eater). The drug was allowed in the UK in 1958, in Canada in 1972, and in 1994 by the FDA (American Drug Regulatory Agency), and it has been widely used in the treatment of diabetes in the USA and all over the world since 1995.
2-Metformin was synthesized from which plant?
Metformin, a biguanide group drug, was synthesized from a plant extract called Galega officinalis.
3-What is the mechanism of action of metformin?
a-) It decreases the amount of glucose produced in the liver, thus increases insulin sensitivity, increases the use of blood sugar in peripheral tissues (muscle), increases the amount of free fatty acids.
b-) Increases the activity of CAMP kinase enzyme in the Hc membrane. It corrects insulin resistance.
4-Metformin is used in the treatment of which diseases?
Insulin Resistance
Prediabetes (Impaired fasting glucose and Impaired glucose tolerance)
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Premature Puberty
How is the use of 5-Type 2 DM?
It is used in the treatment of Obese Type 2 Diabetes. In a study in which patients were followed for 10 years, it was seen that it prevented the complications of diabetes more than other drugs. It showed less blood sugar lowering effect than sulfanilurea group drugs. It has no weight gain effect, it can cause weight loss. The weight loss effect may be due to the decrease in Insulin Resistance and side effects such as nausea).
6-How is it used in prediabetes (Hidden Sugar)?
In the diabetes prevention study, it was observed that lifestyle changes reduced the occurrence of diabetes by 58%, and metformin reduced the occurrence of diabetes by 31%.
7-How is it used in PCOS?
Insulin resistance occurs in the vast majority of PCOS patients, and 15% of PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) patients may develop Type 2 Diabetes. It has been used since 1994 in the treatment of PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) due to its corrective effect on insulin resistance.
8- Does metformin have any effects on other diseases?
There are studies showing that it reduces weight gain, protects against pancreatic cancer, and has beneficial effects on breast and colon cancer in those using antipsychotic medication.
9-In which situations should it not be used?
Kidney disease, Lung and Liver disease, Lactic acidosis in patients with heart failure, Metformin discontinuation is recommended before imaging to use contrast media.
10- What kind of side effects can it have?
GIS may cause discomfort (nausea, diarrhea, gas, diarrhea). must.
