VIEW ON HUMAN NATURE
There are two opposing (opposite) ways of looking at human nature. The first of these argues that human beings act with forces, impulses and instincts coming from “inside”, and the second argues that human beings are shaped by environmental (ecology), historical and economic forces that affect them “from the outside”. are attempts to define external powers.
INstincts – Impulses and Tendencies
Philosophers and psychologists who have attempted to describe the inner forces that drive man to action can be divided into two groups. They believe that man has instincts and tendencies.
The most important historical example of this is that Captain Lawrence OATES (1880-1912), who participated in Robert SCOTT’s North Pole expedition (1911 -1912), went to certain death (single north) so as not to be a burden to the other members. by going towards the focal point of the pole and freezing to death on the way) can be shown. Here, Captain OATES’s behavior was an example of the noble ideal of self-sacrifice, which, in Horatius’s words, saw it as “a pleasurable and noble deed to die for one’s country, cause, or fellow travelers.” The fact that his friends died before reaching the base camp does not lessen OATES’ heroism.
The second group of ARISTOTOTES, that is, materialists and materialists, argue that human beings are born with needs, passions and instincts that need to be neutralized or satisfied. According to those in the first group, there is perhaps a perfect idea of goodness, truth or beauty in God’s mind somewhere, and every individual has an innate evolution to achieve or be like that.
According to the second group, the physical nature of man pushes him to act in a way that ensures his life and species. This driving force is called ‘Instinct’. According to the idealists, man’s primary effort is towards attaining a moral or religious perfection. According to materialists; Man strives all his life to live and maintain his species. Although these two perspectives on human nature are defined as incompatible views, they try to reconcile the two by saying that the dualist-spiritual part tends to the realization of the idea, and the physical part is directed to the tendency to enjoy pleasure and instincts.
After the Renaissance, and especially after Charles DARWIN (1809-1882 ) and Sigmunt FREUD (1856-1939), this dualist view of human nature suggests that even the spiritual aspects of human nature evolved from their instincts and, in the last resort, not the result of divine purpose and virtue. It has been abandoned in favor of the rational rationalist view, which argues that they are intended to feel pleasure (joy). Freudian Psychology, which argues that all of the upper mental actions are derivatives and sublimations of infantile, sexual and destructive impulses, is a leading contemporary example of a theory that assumes that man is, in the last analysis, a creature of pleasure.
The idealistic view of human nature is represented by the work of Carl JUNG (1875-1961).
LOVE AND HATE
Biologists and many Psychologists, those who assume two instincts or sets of instincts; Self-preservation (hunger, aggression, and fear) and reproductive (sexual and maternal) drives, some psychologists, including Freud, abandoned this direct limitation on the grounds that the two basic instincts were love or aggression. Animal psychologists, or ethologists, such as
Konrad LORENZ (1903-1991) and Nicholas TINBERGEN (1907-1990) have shed an interesting light on the view that man has innate ideas. They have uncovered clues that animals have at least one instinct (the instinct to protect the group or species, which is associated with much more refined emotions in humans). In some social species it is an animal’s instinct of protection that attacks its community, often at the cost of its own life.
In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory; The newborn baby reveals how he cannot distinguish between himself and the world. The baby then learns to distinguish from his parents and other important people during the transition period from infancy to childhood. With the development of sexual pleasure zones (Testicles in males, Ovary in females); After the child passes through the oral (oral), fecal (Anal) and urethral (genital-sexual) stages, he enters the pre-adolescent period of secrecy, and then adolescence follows this into adulthood. Mind (Mind) consists of three parts. The primitive self (id) contains primitive urges such as sexuality and hunger, which the self (ego) seeks to satisfy without drawing on the hostility of the world. The superego is the representative of conscience.
Class and income differences play an important role in the formation of personality. Rich and poor classes instill different personalities in children.
Wishing you healthy days…
Specialist Dr. Ali AYYILDIZ
Veterinarian – Human Anatomy Specialist Dr.
